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One partial skeleton recoded as Amplibuteo sp., from a Quaternary cave deposit at Cueva de Sandoval, La Habana, Cuba, is identified as Amplibuteo woodwardi (L. Miller), previously known from North America (California and Florida). This is the first record of this species in the West Indies. It is the fourth large, extinct, buteonine hawk known at the specific level in the Antillean Subregion. The occurence of this taxon in Cuba is probably the result of invasion from Florida during the late Pleistocene.
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Unregulated wood extraction has placed great pressure on many protected areas in Nicaragua. One example is the Laguna de Apoyo Nature Reserve, located on the edge of the most densely populated region in Nicaragua. Biomass extraction from this Reserve was principally for fuel wood (78%), followed by construction wood (13%) and other forest products (9%), the latter being dominated by broomsticks. Women and children, who accounted for 37% of the workforce involved in extraction activities, removed lower quantities of forest products per person than men. Although tree species richness in the reserve is still high, total wood extraction was estimated to occur at up to 50% of the maximum rate of biomass replacement by photosynthesis. Extraction rates were greater in areas with vehicular access. We conclude that the forested regions of the Reserve are under stress by heavy and irrational forest use, and recommend a communitybased strategy to protect biodiversity and natural resource productivity that incorporates the promotion of sustainable havesting techniques for fuel wood and non-timber forest products.
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